Auteur: redactie

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Tijdens de sessie presenteerden WUR, HAS en Van Hall Larenstein de resultaten van hun onderzoek naar de werking en effecten van lokaal geproduceerde bodemverbeteraars. De resultaten tonen aan dat deze producten, met de juiste kwaliteitsborging, veilig toepasbaar zijn en kunnen bijdragen aan de bodemkwaliteit. Er zijn geen negatieve effecten gevonden.

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De belangrijkste bevindingen zijn als volgt:

• Organische stof. Hogere doseringen (vanaf ca. 40 ton/ha) van lokaal geproduceerde bodemverbeteraars kunnen op arme kleigrond leiden tot lichte toename van organische stof. Op rijkere zandgrond is het effect meestal beperkt.
  Na toepassing op de bodem werd er geen verschil waargenomen tussen de toepassing van compost en bokashi voor de opbouw van organische stof in de bodem.

• Bodemleven. De effecten van lokale bodemverbeteraars zijn dynamisch en afhankelijk van factoren zoals locatie, bodemtype en beheer. Onderzoek op Vredepeel laat zien dat de microbiële biomassa en de aantallen aaltjes variëren gedurende het seizoen, met een piek in augustus. De toepassing van hoge dosering maaiselbokashi en, in mindere mate, keurcompost leidde zowel gedurende het seizoen als over een periode van vier jaar tot een significante toename van de microbiële biomassa in vergelijking met de toepassing van 100% stikstof.

• Onkruiddruk. In tientallen proeven werd nauwelijks kiemkracht gevonden in goed geproduceerde producten. Ook werd geen toename van onkruid waargenomen. Soms was er juist een onderdrukkend effect zichtbaar op soorten als duizendknoop of ridderzuring. In de groenvoorziening kan een hoge dosering bokashi (als dikke mulchlaag) ook helpen tegen onkruid.

• Watervasthoudend vermogen en infiltratiesnelheid. Bij lage doseringen bodemverbeteraars (ca. 20 ton/ha) lijken de effecten beperkt. Pas bij hogere doseringen (40 ton/ha of meer) zijn er aanwijzingen voor verbeterde vochtvasthouding. Dit wordt in het najaar van 2025 verder getoetst op proefvelden en bij 10 pilots, waarbij de vochtbeschikbaarheid voor planten bij verschillende pF-waarden wordt bepaald.

• Risico’s voor mens en milieu. De toepassing van de lokaal geproduceerde bodemverbeteraars vormt geen risico voor gezondheid of milieu. De gehalten aan verontreinigingen (zoals zware metalen, plastic, steen, etc.) blijven ruim onder de wettelijke normen. De fractie azolen-resistente Aspergillus is zeer laag (op achtergrondniveau) en de toepassing van de bodemverbeteraars brengt geen extra risico met zich mee voor de verspreiding van deze schimmel.

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• CO2-uitstoot. Bij de productie van bokashi, inclusief de inzameling van biomassa en fermentatie, werd significant minder CO₂ uitgestoten dan bij compostering. Langdurige opslag van natte biomassa vóór het maken van de bokashikuil kan echter leiden tot significante uitstoot, en moet dus vermeden worden. Voor de totale CO₂-footprint van de totale keten (inclusief de gebruiksfase van bokashi) is het belangrijk te weten wat er na toepassing precies in de bodem gebeurt. Dit aspect is echter niet onderzocht in deze studie.

• Landbouwkundige waarde. De lokaal geproduceerde bodemverbeteraars zijn géén meststoffen, aangezien de stikstof- en fosforgehaltes laag zijn. Zonder aanvullende bemesting kan stikstofimmobilisatie optreden, wat leidt tot opbrengstderving. In de praktijk zal echter elke agrariër aanvullend bemesten, en met bemesting op maat kan zelfs een lichte opbrengstverhoging mogelijk zijn.

Conclusie:

Na vijf jaar onderzoek zijn er waardevolle inzichten opgedaan over de effecten van bokashi en andere lokaal geproduceerde bodemverbeteraars. De producten hebben een neutraal tot licht positief effect op de bodemkwaliteit. Sommige processen, zoals de opbouw van organische stof en bodemleven, ontwikkelen zich echter traag. Dit betekent dat de effecten pas op langere termijn zichtbaar kunnen zijn.

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Pieter van der Valk, agrariër en oprichter van Agricycling, vertelde hoe de bodem het vertrekpunt is voor kringlooplandbouw. “De bodem is van nature een recyclingsysteem. Door dat serieus te nemen, kun je integraal werken aan klimaat, stikstof, bodemkwaliteit, hergebruik én CO₂-opslag,” aldus Pieter. Samen met zo’n 200 collega-boeren in Friesland richtte hij een coöperatie op die reststromen zoals bermgras en slootmaaisel verwerkt tot hoogwaardige CMC-compost.

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De coöperatie levert de compost, terwijl de boeren zelf verantwoordelijk zijn voor het uitrijden ervan. Elke stap in het proces wordt zorgvuldig geborgd, van vrachtregistratie en C/N-metingen tot temperatuurcontrole en toetsing aan de wettelijke compostnormen. Dit alles vereist een goede samenwerking tussen agrariërs, gemeenten en loonwerkers. Agricycling streeft naar een ‘bodemrantsoen’: maatwerkvoeding voor ieder perceel, gebaseerd op data.

Hobbels en uitdagingen

Ondanks de kansen zijn er in de praktijk enkele knelpunten, vooral op juridisch gebied. Een belangrijk knelpunt is de afvalstatus van bermmaaisel. De coöperatie werkt volgens de ‘route gebruik’-regel uit de Leidraad Afvalstoffen, en behandelt bermmaaisel in de hele keten als grondstof. Hierdoor valt het buiten de afvalstatus, wat ruimte biedt voor verdere bewerking en gebruik.

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Bereiken van transitie
De landbouwbodem is het recyclend vermogen van de samenleving, aldus Pieter. Hij pleit voor een verschuiving van productie-maximalisatie naar optimalisatie van de bodem. “Wil je echt werk maken van maatschappelijke opgaven, maak dan kwaliteit leidend en je komt bij de bodem uit.”

Pieter’s boodschap is helder: begin klein, zorg voor kwaliteit, en laat het resultaat voor zich spreken. “Als wij kunnen bewijzen dat dit werkt — ecologisch, juridisch én financieel — dan kunnen we samen het systeem veranderen.”

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Tijdens de sessie ging Daan van Schijndel van Krinkels in op circulair bermbeheer in de praktijk. Krinkels beheert veel openbaar groen, zoals bermen en taluds, en ontwikkelde een maaizuigmachine die gras maait, zwerfafval scheidt en beide direct in bigbags afvoert. Zo kan bermmaaisel efficiënt als schone grondstof worden ingezet, terwijl zwerfafval correct wordt afgevoerd.

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De maaizuigmachine van Krinkels maakt het mogelijk om bermmaaisel direct te scheiden van zwerfafval en schoon op te slaan. Dat versnelt het werk én vermindert de verstoring van het ecosysteem. Er ontstaat een schone stroom maaisel die beter geschikt is voor verwerking tot grondstof, zoals compost, papier, veevoer of bouwmaterialen. Daan benadrukte ook het veiligheidsaspect: “We willen maar één keer langs de weg staan. Dat vermindert het aanrijdrisico.”

Krinkels werkt aan de doorontwikkeling van de maaizuigmachine om nog efficiënter en met minder verstoring te kunnen werken. Ook de toepassing van AI en camera’s om zwerfafval te detecteren en direct op te zuigen wordt verder getest, zodat het proces nog verder geoptimaliseerd kan worden.

Hoewel de technologie veelbelovend is, zijn er nog uitdagingen, vooral in het volledig sluiten van de keten van verwerking naar eindproduct. De technologie is veelbelovend, maar er zijn nog wel uitdagingen, vooral als het gaat om het compleet sluiten van de keten. De vraag naar circulaire oplossingen groeit, maar het vergt tijd om de volledige keten van verwerking tot eindproduct te realiseren.

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Daan: “Circulair werken kan, als je durft te investeren en niet blijft hangen in pilots. Je moet het laten zien, dan ontstaat beweging. De tijd van praten is voorbij. Het is tijd om te doen.” De ervaring leert dat door kleine, lokale initiatieven grootse resultaten geboekt kunnen worden, mits er goede samenwerking is tussen betrokken partijen.

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Rotterdam onderzoekt in een pilot of gefermenteerde bladresten (bokashi) de stedelijke bodem kan verbeteren. Bokashi wordt jaarlijks als mulchlaag aangebracht in plantvakken door de stad, onder meer in Hoogvliet en het Vroesenpark. Uit de monitoring blijken positieve resultaten: bokashi heeft bijgedragen aan bodemverbetering, met minder onkruid en betere groei van planten.

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De monitoring loopt van 2021 tot en met 2025 en is breed opgezet. Beplanting en de bodem op vaste meetmomenten onderzocht, sensoren meten het vochtgehalte en de geleidbaarheid, en Lidar-drones brengen de vegetatiestructuur en bodembedekking in beeld. Deze methoden maken het  mogelijk om gedetailleerde data te verzamelen over de effecten van bokashi op de bodemkwaliteit en het groenbeheer. De belangrijkste inzichten zijn:

• Minder plantuitval en onkruid. Door het gebruik van bokashi is er minder onkruid en minder plantuitval in de plantvakken. Dat resulteert in minder onderhoud en minder vervoersbewegingen, en bespaart op tijdelijke verkeersmaatregelen en wegafzettingen.

• Samen pionieren voor de doorontwikkeling van een circulaire stad. De lessen uit de bokashi-pilot worden toegepast bij nieuwe proeven in de stad, van homogeen meten tot het benutten van data (zoals Lidar). Er wordt gezamenlijk gewerkt aan het optimaliseren van de inzameling van blad en het monitoren op plantvakniveau om steeds effectievere methoden te ontwikkelen.

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• Doorontwikkeling van bokashi als onderdeel van het nieuwe groenbeheer. Bokashi wordt steeds meer opgenomen in groenbestekken en speelt een belangrijke rol in de verduurzaming van groenbeheer binnen de gemeente. De pilot heeft binnen de gemeente draagvlak gekregen, en de komende twee jaar zullen er stadsbrede proeven worden uitgevoerd om de effecten van bokashi voor het circulaire groenbeheer verder te onderzoeken.

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Tijdens de sessie werd de SRL (service Readiness Level) tool toegelicht, een instrument dat de bestuurlijke en sociale voortgang van een transitie analyseert. In 2024 werd de tool gebruikt om de voortgang, ontwikkeling en opschaalmogelijkheden van het project LIFECO2SAND te beoordelen.

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Deze sessie werd geleid door Dylan Koster (Rijkswaterstaat) en Shakti Lieten (LietenConnect). De SRL-tool is ontwikkeld door Rijkswaterstaat, maar ook andere organisaties die met innovaties aan de slag willen kunnen het gebruiken. Het instrument maakt gebruik van interviews en gesprekken met stakeholders.

In 2021 werd de SRL-tool voor het eerst ingezet voor het LIFECO2SAND-project, dat zich richt op het verbeteren van zandbodems door toevoeging van klei afkomstig van andere locaties. In 2024 werd de tool opnieuw gebruikt, om de voortgang, ontwikkeling en opschaalmogelijkheden van dit project te beoordelen. De meting leverde inzichten op over de waarde, het draagvlak, kosten, de implementatie en de risico’s van de transitie. Daarnaast werden bijna 20 knelpunten en kansen geïdentificeerd.

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Shakti en Dylan gingen vervolgens met de aanwezigen in discussie over de resultaten van de SRL-meting. Ze bespraken welke acties nog nodig zijn om de knelpunten aan te pakken en de kansen te benutten.

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In deze sessie gaf de Stichting Grondstoffen Collectief Nederland (GCN) een toelichting op het circulair maken en verwaarden van groene stromen die vrijkomen uit de openbare ruimte. Voor de opslag van koolstof die daarmee gepaard gaat, kunnen certificaten worden verkregen bij de Stichting Nationale Koolstofmarkt.

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Arne Eindhoven en Richard Liebrechts van GCN bespraken zowel de inzet van de groene stromen voor bodemverbetering in de kleine kringloop als de meervoudige verwerking ervan in centrale hubs. De keuze tussen deze opties hangt sterk af van de samenstelling van de groenstromen en hun potentiële waarde voor bodem, ecologie en andere doelen.

Een belangrijk aspect van het circulair benutten van groenstromen is de opslag van koolstof. Planten spelen hierbij een cruciale rol door CO₂ via fotosynthese vast te leggen.

“Gras is eigenlijk miljoenen jaren jongere olie”

“We moeten opschalen, maar we mogen de ecologie daarbij niet verliezen”

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Door planten als grondstof te gebruiken, kan koolstof worden opgeslagen in bijvoorbeeld isolatie- en plaatmaterialen voor de bouw, of in de bodem.

Organisaties die bijdragen aan (extra) emissiereductie in Nederland kunnen certificaten verkrijgen van de Stichting Nationale Koolstofmarkt. Hiervoor gelden specifieke eisen, zoals het langdurig vastleggen van CO₂, bijvoorbeeld voor minimaal 35 jaar in materialen zoals isolatieplaten. Ook door het gebruik van bodemverbeteraars kunnen CO2-credits worden gegenereerd.

Zie voor meer informatie: Stichting Nationale Koolstofmarkt

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